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John Bingham
John Armor Bingham (January 21, 1815 – March 19, 1900) was an American Republican congressman from the U.S. state of Ohio, judge advocate in the trial of the Abraham Lincoln assassination and a prosecutor in the impeachment trials of Andrew Johnson. He is also the principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
==Early and family life==
Born in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, where his carpenter and bricklayer father Hugh had moved after service in the War of 1812, Bingham attended local public schools. After his mother's death in 1827, his father remarried. John moved west to Ohio to live with his merchant uncle Thomas after clashing with his new stepmother. The teenager apprenticed as a printer for two years, helping to publish the ''Luminary'', an anti-Masonic newspaper.〔http://uscivilliberties.org/biography/3202-john-armor-bingham-18151900.html〕 He then returned to Pennsylvania to study at Mercer College, after which Bingham studied law at Franklin College in New Athens, Harrison County, Ohio. There, Bingham befriended former slave Titus Basfield, who became the first African American to graduate college in Ohio, and with whom he continued to correspond for many years.〔Erving T. Beauregard, Ohio's First Black College Graduate, available at http://www.harrisonhistory.org/Notables/Entries/2010/12/2_Ohios_First_Black_College_Graduate_from_Queen_City_Heritage_45_By_Erving_E._BeauregardUsed_with_permission_from_Cincinnati_Museum_Center_at_Union_Terminal_files/ohi-019.pdf〕
Both Hugh and Thomas Bingham were long time abolitionists, as well as active in local politics. They initially allied with the Anti-Masonic party, led by Pennsylvania Governor Joseph Ritner and speaker of the Pennsylvania assembly Thaddeus Stevens. Hugh became clerk of the Mercer County court, and later a perennial Whig candidate in the county, known for opposing war with Mexico.〔Richard L. Aynes, The Continuing Importance of Congressman John A. Bingham and the Fourteenth Amendment, at pp. 592-593, available at https://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/727357.pdf〕 Rev. John Walker, of the Associated Reform Congregational Church, ran Franklin College and was a prominent abolitionist in Ohio,〔http://www.therestorationmovement.com/walker.htm〕 as well as mentor to Titus Basfield, who after further studies became a Presbyterian minister. Another of John Bingham's longtime and childhood friends was Matthew Simpson, who later became a bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church, urged President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation and ultimately delivered funeral orations for the assassinated President at the White House and his interment at Springfield, Illinois.
Bingham married his uncle Thomas' daughter, Amanda Bailey Bingham, in 1844. During 41 years of marriage, they raised three daughters, two of whom survived their parents, although one died in Japan.
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